![]() However, the concept still needs further development like standard features and assessments in additional contexts than its original fields of application with Indigenous Americans. Taken together, the results of these studies have indicated that the historical trauma concept has a high potential for new research in the field of Global Mental Health. The last study was conducted to assess cultural scripts elements in Rwanda and East Africa by using 27 experts in the domain of cultural clinical psychology and 64 trauma survivors in East African countries. Hence, this study developed and validated a new psychological instrument of Clinical Aspects of Historical Trauma (CAHTQ) by using 261 Survivors of genocide against Tutsi’ participants. ![]() The second study was conducted based on the gaps identified by the first study. The aim of this study was to explore global advancement of literature in historical trauma and its semantic space concepts. ![]() The first study was a systematic review on clinically relevant historical trauma sequalae. Three studies which are the components of this thesis were conducted to achieve that purpose. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to extend the literature on long-term consequences of trauma in Sub-Saharan Africa by conducting research on historical trauma sequalae in a different sample rather than Indigenous America and by identifying elements of the cultural scripts of trauma among Rwandan and East Africa trauma survivors. The extension of cross-cultural research on long term consequences of trauma is still a scientific gap this time. Furthermore, there is a need to identify how trauma survivors in Rwanda and East Africa with reference to their cultural values perceive and express their post traumatic experiences. In East Africa particularly in Rwanda, people were exposed to cumulative and collective manmade traumas, and it is obvious that they can have similar symptoms resulting from historical trauma that are being overlooked due to paucity of research. In the same vein, literature have indicated that the research, assessment, and treatment of PTSD was mostly influenced by western culture, norms, values, and beliefs while there are other perceptions and expressions of post traumatic experiences in different cultures referred to as Cultural Scripts of Trauma (CST) that might be overlooked while focusing only on PTSD symptoms. ![]() This is the case of symptoms of unresolved grief across generations identified in Indigenous America by Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart referred to as Historical Trauma (HT). However, recent research has revealed other specific symptoms that are not covered by PTSD criteria especially in population that were exposed to cumulative and collective manmade traumas like genocide, slavery, and colonization. To date, its diagnostic criteria are well defined and different interventions have developed in many western countries. So far, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) is the most well-known disorder shown by many scientists and clinicians as a result of aversive traumatic exposure. Worldwide many people are exposed to natural disasters and man-made traumas that are known to have different short and long-term post traumatic consequences on their life. ![]()
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